Before you start. Read the Author Guidelines and Manuscript Preparation guidance, and have your files ready, along with the names, email addresses and affiliations of all authors. The form cannot be saved partway through. Fields marked * are required.

Submission is free. If your manuscript is accepted, an Article Publishing Charge of US$400 is payable before publication. See Publishing Fees.

Submitting a revision? Use the link in your decision email.

1. Manuscript

Most abstracts are approximately 150–300 words.

0 words

4–8 keywords, separated by semicolons.

2. Authors

List every author in the order they should appear in the published article.

Author 1

Leave blank for independent researchers.

Optional, for example 0000-0002-1825-0097.

3. Disclosures

For example: “This research received no external funding.”

For example: “The authors declare no conflicts of interest.”

Does the research involve human participants, identifiable human data, or animals?

See Publication Ethics.

Did you use generative AI beyond routine spelling, grammar or formatting assistance?

See the AI Policy.

Expected for empirical articles. See suggested wording.

If the manuscript has been posted as a preprint, give the server and link.

4. Files

Each file may be up to 50 MB, and all files together up to 150 MB.

Word (.docx) preferred; LaTeX (.tex, or .zip with figures) is accepted. Remove all author names and affiliations from this file. Accepted: .docx, .doc, .odt, .tex, .zip, .pdf.

Title, all authors with affiliations, corresponding-author email, ORCID iDs where available, funding and conflict-of-interest statements. Accepted: .docx, .doc, .odt, .pdf, .tex.

Optional, if figures are not embedded in the manuscript file. Up to 30 files. Accepted: .png, .jpg, .jpeg, .tif, .tiff, .eps, .svg, .pdf.

Optional: data, code, appendices or other material for reviewers. Up to 10 files. Accepted: .pdf, .docx, .doc, .xlsx, .xls, .csv, .txt, .zip, .png, .jpg, .jpeg, .mp4, .r, .py, .ipynb.

Optional: approval letter, exemption determination or consent forms, if available. Up to 5 files. Accepted: .pdf, .docx, .doc, .png, .jpg, .jpeg.

Optional. Accepted: .docx, .doc, .odt, .pdf, .txt.

5. Comments to the editor

Optional. Anything the editorial office should know, such as a related submission or a request concerning reviewers.

6. Expedited Processing

Expedited Processing

Expedited Processing gives the manuscript priority at each administrative stage. It does not change review standards or guarantee acceptance or any date. See Publishing Fees.

7. Declarations

By submitting, the corresponding author confirms on behalf of all authors that: